This is the power point that "goes" with your chapter 20. It might be a good idea to print this off and add notes to it as you read, or just use it as an extra resource/guide as to what you should know.
Louis XV- Louis XIV died leaving Louis XV (5yrs old) as his successor. The Duke of Orleans was put in place as regent and lost almost all of the absolutist power. When Louis XV took over he wanted absolute power, so he appointed Rene de Maupeou as chancellor to make France an absolutist state again. He was unpopular not only becaus of his want for absolutism but also because of his mistresses, namely Madame de Pompadour who had tremendous influence in government. She was disliked by the people not only because of her influence but also her low birth with no noble title. Because of Louis XV unpopularity and practices he was desaralized, or "stripped of the aura of God's 'annointed on earth.'" He died suddenly leaving Louis XVI as his successor. Known primarily as a royal despot.
Madame de Pomadour- louis XV's favorite mistress. Had tremendous influence over art, literature, and decorative arts. Promoted the rococo style. Helped bring about the alliance with Austria that resulted in the seven years war.
Parlement - the high courts of France who helped young heirs to the throne rule until they were ready to take on the full responsiblity themeselves. In the early revolution, Parlement was given back their right to evaluate royal decrees pubolicly in writing before they were registered as part of the law.
René de Maupeou- Was appointed Chancellor by Louis XV who wanted a more absolutist state. Maupeou was used to crush judicial opposition. He abolished parlements while putting in place docile parlements and officials called Maupeou Parlements. Tried to tax everyone. Was highly unpopular with the people and named a "royal despot."
Louis XVI- a shy 20 year old who undid most of Louis XV/Maupeou's reforms, namely reinstating parlement, which gave more power to the people (mostly nobles). Famous quote, "What I should like most is to be loved," making him a weak ruler who gives more and more power to the people As he was constantly eager to please them.
Marie Antoinette- married to Louis XVI, hated by the peasants because she was spending her money lavishly while they were broke, brought to paris with Louis in the "bread march" where she was held captive until she was executed in 1793.
First Estate-The first estate consisted of members of the clergy in France. This group made up a very small percentage of the population, but held a significant amount of land in France. They did not have to pay taxes, only a "voluntary gift" when they wanted to Every five years. Wanted higher wages.
Gallican Church- The catholic church in france before the french revolution. Gallican meant that the power of the monarch was separate from the power of the pope.
Second Estate- Nobles about 400,000 people, held 25% of land, lightly taxed, that had exclusive feudal rights (hunting, fishing, etc.) also known as manorial rights. Wre generally fragmented-with one third if them liberal.
Third Estate- The Third Estate consisted of everyone else that was not in the first two estates, which numbered nearly 98% of the population. The Third estate was primarily peasants, rural agricultural workers, and unskilled day laborers and a few lawyers and successful merchants mixed in. These different social groups were united by only there legal status. Once they got what they wanted they fought hard to maintain it. We're often the driving class of the revo
bourgeoisie- upper middle class of the French society; wanted their new economic power to match their political power
Corvée-Payment of taxes through manual labor, abolished along with other feudal privileges at the beginning of the Revolution.
Lettre de cachet -Letters signed by the king of France, signed again by a minister, and closed with a royal seal (cachet). These letters declared orders from the king, which were to be immediately enacted and could not be appealed. Men were sentenced to prison without trial, assemblies were not allowed to enact laws.
ancien regime -The economic, social, and political systems that existed in France for 300 years before the French Revolution
Jacques Necker- Finance Minister of Louis XVI, banished by the king but brought back to help the Estates general manage their economic crisis.
Assembly of Notables- Because france was in so much debt louis XVI needed to raise taxes and someone to enforce them, therefore he called called nobles to form the assembly of notables and support the idea. They agreed only if they can control what the money will be spent on. Louis didn't agree to that and the nobles insisted the tax then be approached by the estates general.
Estates General- the representative body of the three estates where most of the voting took place. It was called to a meeting by Louis XVI, where voting disputes led to the formation of the National Assembly. cahiers de doléances-
Abbé Sieyés- "What Is the Third Estate?" he said that the strength of France comes from the people and without them France is nothing.
“Age of Montesquieu” - First stage of the revolution, or bourgeoisie phase
National Assembly- Formed in 1789, they were part of the Estates General, they later broke away and took the Tennis Court Oath, they also wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man while establishing a constitutional monarchy and passing major reforms such as creating a metric system, economic freedom, and replacing provinces with departments. They granted religious freedom, abolished monasteries, and nationalized the property of the church to try and use it as collateral which turned many people against the revolution Tennis Court Oath- There was a dispute over voting in the Estates General and the 3rd estate broke away to form the National Assembly, they pledged in the Oath of the Tennis Court not to disband until a new constitution was written.
storming of the Bastille- The people took the Bastille forcing the King to retreat his army, this storming saved the National Assembly and started an uprising of the peasants against their lords across France
“Great Fear”-The fear of noble reprisals against peasants uprising that seized the french countryside and led to further revolt. Landlords called the great fear to seize the rural poor and fan the flames of the rebellions.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen-written by the the national assembly; argued that all men are free and equal, and should be guaranteed natural rights such as liberty, prosperity, and security, one is innocent until proven guilty, individual freedoms, all citizens decide taxes, military is good for all; framework for French constitution; does NOT address King = no agreement
Olympe de Gouges, The Rights of Woman- Published in 1791, this declaration parodied the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" as all 17 points were touched upon in an effort to bring gender equality before the state.
Mary Wollstonecraft- Wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Man" (1790) and "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" (1792) These pieces demanded equal rights for women and wanted female independence; felt this would be achieved through rigorous coeducation.
Vindication of theRights of Women- Written by Wollstonecraft, attacking Burke's book she wrote about how women are just as great as men and if they were taught as a man is taught they could be independent like them
Madame de Stael- Daughter of Jacques Necker, Strong fighter for women's rights, famous for her books and salons.
Women’s march to Versailles- Women were not happy about the decling house hold economies (due to a poor harvest) and demanded action by marching on Versailles on October 5, 1789. The next day the king and queen were marched back to Paris. (The Bread March)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790-established a national church with priests chosen by voters. Also forced Catholic clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the government, which only half took. The constitution was condemned by the pope and angered many rural peasants.
“refactory clergy’- Clergymen who refused to take the oath of loyalty to the state.
83 Departments- The equaly divided provinces of France based on population to help effectivly represent the people
assignats-Currency issued by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. Backed by land, the paper money was used as legal currency, until Napoleon switches the national currency to the franc.
Flight to Varennes- Louis XVI’s attempt to flee France and take refuge in the Austrian Netherlands. He was turned back to Paris at Varennes.
Edmund Burke- Wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France" he also stated that the revolution in France would lead to chaos and tyranny which eventually came true.
Thomas Paine, Rights of Man- this was a response to Edmund Burke's Reflection on the Revolution in France (1790). It argued that the interests of the monarch and the people were united and that the revolution should focus on changing the despotic principles of the monarchy instead of attacking the king himself.
Legislative Assembly-the new representative body formed in October 1791. Made up of mostly well educated middle class men, part of the jacobian club. They were "really feeling the revolutionary vibe" they disliked Louis and the nobility. They responded to the declaration of pillnitz by threatening to declare war back on Prussia and austria
Jacobins- A political club in revolutionary france whose members were well educated radical republicans and debated political questions.
Girondins- a political group of unorganized individuals involved in the National Convention. They supported the end of the monarchy, but were opposed by the Mountain, and were eventually mass executed by the Mountain, eventually leading to the Reign of Terror.
Declaration of Pillnitz- "Dont make me come in there" is basically what Austria and Prussia said to France, they feared that the people of their country would do the same and the revolution would spread to their country.
Émigrés- French refugees who were former members of the nobility, Catholic royalist sympathizers, or anti-republicans expelled by the Decree of 17 December 1791.
War of the First Coalition- the war that was between the French and the First Coalition, a result of the declaration of Pillnitz. It was fought initially between France, and the armies of Austria and Prussia. Eventually the French also declared war on Britain, Holland, and Spain in February of 1793. The countries
Brunswick Manifesto- Issued by Charles William Ferdinand (leader of Austrian+Prussian army) declaring that if the french royal family was harmed, the french civilians would be too. This was meant to intimidate the Parisian rebels, but it only fueled their anger.
storming of the Tuleries- On August 10, 1792, revolutionaries attacked the royal palace at the Tuleries looking for the royal family. The family sought refuge with the Legislative Assembly, who imprisoned them.
Paris Commune - Vaguely radical leaders that wanted to govern paris without interference from the conservative French countryside. The National Assembly would hear none of this.
Georges-Jacques Danton- Robespierre's "right hand man" in the Mountain, he was later beheaded by the order from Robespierre.
September Massacres - Followed louis imprisonment. When a crowd invaded prisons of Paris and killing half the men and women after hearing stories that imprisoned counter revolutionary aristocrats and priests were plotting with allied invaders to seize the city
“Age of Rousseau”results in the formation of the Directory.
National Convention- consisted of the constitutional and legislative assembly, holding executive power, and proclaimed France a republic in 1792. However it was split between the Girondists and the Mountain.
Equality, Liberty, Fraternity- Became the "catch phrase" of the French Revolution as a whole. French leaders used the saying to appeal to the nationalism and patriotism of the people of France. It helped rile up the sans-culottes which then helped drive the Revolution. Mountain- led by Robespierre and Danton, they were a political group in dispute with the Girondists in the National Convention. The Mountain consisted of aggressive, action-oriented individuals, opposed to the thought-oriented Girondists. They supported defense of the lower classes and after executing the Girondists, they imposed a policy of terror.
Sans-Culottes- laboring poor of Paris, called this because they wore long pants instead of the pants that came to the knee; they were the militant radicals of the city, demanding action for bread prices
Enragés- Radicals active during the French Revolution that stood to the left of the Jacobins politically. They believed that liberty for all meant more that just constitutional rights.
Committee of Public Safety-Formed in April of 1793 at the convention. Was lead by Robespierre -to which , in the state of a national emergency, was given doctoral power.
Maximilien Robespiere- Robespiere was the leader of the Mountian in the Jacobian controled National Convention. He also lead "The Terror" which ironically came to a close with his own execution in the Thermidorian Reaction cause by his executing of his second in command Danton. Quote: "Terror is nothing more than prompt, severe inflexible justice."
Law of Maximum- price fixing regulations on grain and bread.
Reign of Terror- The reign under Robespierre where there was a planned economy to wage total war and aid the poor. Fixed pricing was introduced as well as rationing. Workshops were nationalized to produce goods for the war effort(emergency socialism). 40,000 people were executed and 300,000 were arrested for speaking against this new government, and people were forced to agree with it.
Law of Suspect- Allowed the arrest of all enemies of the Revolution, passed by the National Convention in 1793
Vendée- A county of Brittany where the insurrection agenst the French government started. The main supporters of the revolt were Cotholics, Royalists, and foreign agents.
Cult of the Supreme Being- the state religion promoted by Robespierre; a form of deism and part of attempts to standardize France, along with the new calendar and system of measurement
“Temple of Reason” Temple for a new belief system that was to replace Christianity, the Cult of Reason. Their ideals were based on atheism and centered around the individual.
Thermidorian Reaction- The Thermidorian Reaction was a reaction to violence during the reign of terror in 1794, this ultimately would lead to the execution of Robespierre by his own men, and the lessening of economic controls in France. This also lead to a more moderate political atmosphere.
The Directory: the five man group of weak dictators elected by the commitee to rule in the time of national emergency they governed for around 2 years as dictators untill Napoleon was placed in power
Consulate Era
the government of France by the three consuls from 1799 to 1804 plebiscite- A nationwide vote on a law, issue, or to legitimize a leader.
Napoleon Bonaparte- the strong dictator put in place by the people who favored a strong dictator over a republic. He was chosen because he was popular, young, and energetic. He was also chosen because he won many victories as a general and covered up his loses.
Consulate Period-The period at the beginning of Napoleon's rule, when he was known as the first consul of the republic. This ended in 1805, when the battle of Trafalgar took place and Napoleon claimed himself emperor.
First Consul- the title Napoleon was given when he was first put into power of the Republic of France in 1799
Napoleonic Code- French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth as well as private property and restricting rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws.
Careers Open to Talent-
This allows for competition and in turn raises inflation.
Concordat of 1801- A deal between Napoleon and the Pope, saying that Catholicism could be practiced freely in France, but the state determined the bishops, clerical pay, and had a great influence over the church.
Bank of France- The privately owned bank of France was establish by Napoleon and the leading bankers of Paris in 1800. This was in response to the financial crisis before the French Revolution in which France was left helpless without it's own national bank.
War of the Second Coalition- the second attempt by the European monarchs to destroy or contain the French. The forces were led by Austria and Austria and Russia even raised fresh armies to combat the French threat.
Treaty of Lunéville- Treaty in which France gained most of Austria's Italian possessions and some German territory; agreed to after a military victory by Napoleon
Empire Period-
Grand Empire: The empire over which Napoleon and his allied ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia
War of the Third Coalition- the war fought against Napoleon's forces by Austria, Russia, Sweden, Prussia and Britian to hault his plans for expansion. Napoleon crushed the third coalition, and gained a significant amount of land from his victories. He also used his control over continental Europe to help impliment his blockade against Britain.
Battle of Trafalgar- The battle on October 21, 1805, in which lord nelson of Britain destroyed Napoleon's Mediterranean fleet. It proved that an invasion of Britain would not be possible. It also renewed fighting, which Napoleon used as justification for proclaiming himself emperor.
Lord Horatio Nelson-
Arc de Triomphe-
Treaty of Tilsit-Napoleon winning against 3rd Coalition, so he gets Prussia/Austria and allies with Russia against Britain, Prussia lost about half of its population, and Russian accepted the reorganization of Europe by Napoleon
Continental System- A Blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, there by weakening the British economy and military.
Russian Campaign- Napoleon invaded Russia in the summer of 1812. At first he was successful but his troops were trapped in the winter and Napoleon had to lead a disastrous retreat from Russia. He lead 600,000 men into Russia and after the retreat 370,000 men had died and 200,000 had been taking prisoner. This marked a turning point in Napoleon's rule in to a sharp decline.
4th Coalition-
“First” Treaty of Paris, 1814-
Congress of Vienna-
Balance of Power- The balance of power in Europe is a process in which one a nation becomes to powerful the weaker nations band together and bring the powerful nation back down to even with the other nations. This process repeats many times so that the balance of power stays close to an equilibrium.
Hundred Days- The time period between Napoleon's return from exile and the battle of Waterloo, in which he hastily attempted to restore his power in France.
Battle of Waterloo- Napoleons final stand against the Fourth Coalition, a terrible defeat for Napoleon, signaling the end of his governing of France.
Duke of Wellington-
Alexander I Wthe responsible for contributing to napolean's retreat in the invasion of Russia the year of 1812.
This is the power point that "goes" with your chapter 20. It might be a good idea to print this off and add notes to it as you read, or just use it as an extra resource/guide as to what you should know.Here is the
Louis XV- Louis XIV died leaving Louis XV (5yrs old) as his successor. The Duke of Orleans was put in place as regent and lost almost all of the absolutist power. When Louis XV took over he wanted absolute power, so he appointed Rene de Maupeou as chancellor to make France an absolutist state again. He was unpopular not only becaus of his want for absolutism but also because of his mistresses, namely Madame de Pompadour who had tremendous influence in government. She was disliked by the people not only because of her influence but also her low birth with no noble title. Because of Louis XV unpopularity and practices he was desaralized, or "stripped of the aura of God's 'annointed on earth.'" He died suddenly leaving Louis XVI as his successor. Known primarily as a royal despot.
Madame de Pomadour- louis XV's favorite mistress. Had tremendous influence over art, literature, and decorative arts. Promoted the rococo style. Helped bring about the alliance with Austria that resulted in the seven years war.
Parlement - the high courts of France who helped young heirs to the throne rule until they were ready to take on the full responsiblity themeselves. In the early revolution, Parlement was given back their right to evaluate royal decrees pubolicly in writing before they were registered as part of the law.
René de Maupeou- Was appointed Chancellor by Louis XV who wanted a more absolutist state. Maupeou was used to crush judicial opposition. He abolished parlements while putting in place docile parlements and officials called Maupeou Parlements. Tried to tax everyone. Was highly unpopular with the people and named a "royal despot."
Louis XVI- a shy 20 year old who undid most of Louis XV/Maupeou's reforms, namely reinstating parlement, which gave more power to the people (mostly nobles). Famous quote, "What I should like most is to be loved," making him a weak ruler who gives more and more power to the people As he was constantly eager to please them.
Marie Antoinette- married to Louis XVI, hated by the peasants because she was spending her money lavishly while they were broke, brought to paris with Louis in the "bread march" where she was held captive until she was executed in 1793.
First Estate-The first estate consisted of members of the clergy in France. This group made up a very small percentage of the population, but held a significant amount of land in France. They did not have to pay taxes, only a "voluntary gift" when they wanted to Every five years. Wanted higher wages.
Gallican Church- The catholic church in france before the french revolution. Gallican meant that the power of the monarch was separate from the power of the pope.
Second Estate- Nobles about 400,000 people, held 25% of land, lightly taxed, that had exclusive feudal rights (hunting, fishing, etc.) also known as manorial rights. Wre generally fragmented-with one third if them liberal.
Third Estate- The Third Estate consisted of everyone else that was not in the first two estates, which numbered nearly 98% of the population. The Third estate was primarily peasants, rural agricultural workers, and unskilled day laborers and a few lawyers and successful merchants mixed in. These different social groups were united by only there legal status. Once they got what they wanted they fought hard to maintain it. We're often the driving class of the revo
bourgeoisie- upper middle class of the French society; wanted their new economic power to match their political power
Corvée- Payment of taxes through manual labor, abolished along with other feudal privileges at the beginning of the Revolution.
Lettre de cachet - Letters signed by the king of France, signed again by a minister, and closed with a royal seal (cachet). These letters declared orders from the king, which were to be immediately enacted and could not be appealed. Men were sentenced to prison without trial, assemblies were not allowed to enact laws.
ancien regime - The economic, social, and political systems that existed in France for 300 years before the French Revolution
Jacques Necker- Finance Minister of Louis XVI, banished by the king but brought back to help the Estates general manage their economic crisis.
Assembly of Notables- Because france was in so much debt louis XVI needed to raise taxes and someone to enforce them, therefore he called called nobles to form the assembly of notables and support the idea. They agreed only if they can control what the money will be spent on. Louis didn't agree to that and the nobles insisted the tax then be approached by the estates general.
Estates General- the representative body of the three estates where most of the voting took place. It was called to a meeting by Louis XVI, where voting disputes led to the formation of the National Assembly.
cahiers de doléances-
Abbé Sieyés- "What Is the Third Estate?" he said that the strength of France comes from the people and without them France is nothing.
“Age of Montesquieu” - First stage of the revolution, or bourgeoisie phase
National Assembly- Formed in 1789, they were part of the Estates General, they later broke away and took the Tennis Court Oath, they also wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man while establishing a constitutional monarchy and passing major reforms such as creating a metric system, economic freedom, and replacing provinces with departments. They granted religious freedom, abolished monasteries, and nationalized the property of the church to try and use it as collateral which turned many people against the revolution
Tennis Court Oath- There was a dispute over voting in the Estates General and the 3rd estate broke away to form the National Assembly, they pledged in the Oath of the Tennis Court not to disband until a new constitution was written.
storming of the Bastille- The people took the Bastille forcing the King to retreat his army, this storming saved the National Assembly and started an uprising of the peasants against their lords across France
“Great Fear”-The fear of noble reprisals against peasants uprising that seized the french countryside and led to further revolt. Landlords called the great fear to seize the rural poor and fan the flames of the rebellions.
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen- written by the the national assembly; argued that all men are free and equal, and should be guaranteed natural rights such as liberty, prosperity, and security, one is innocent until proven guilty, individual freedoms, all citizens decide taxes, military is good for all; framework for French constitution; does NOT address King = no agreement
Olympe de Gouges, The Rights of Woman- Published in 1791, this declaration parodied the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" as all 17 points were touched upon in an effort to bring gender equality before the state.
Mary Wollstonecraft- Wrote "A Vindication of the Rights of Man" (1790) and "A Vindication of the Rights of Women" (1792) These pieces demanded equal rights for women and wanted female independence; felt this would be achieved through rigorous coeducation.
Vindication of the Rights of Women- Written by Wollstonecraft, attacking Burke's book she wrote about how women are just as great as men and if they were taught as a man is taught they could be independent like them
Madame de Stael- Daughter of Jacques Necker, Strong fighter for women's rights, famous for her books and salons.
Women’s march to Versailles- Women were not happy about the decling house hold economies (due to a poor harvest) and demanded action by marching on Versailles on October 5, 1789. The next day the king and queen were marched back to Paris. (The Bread March)
Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 1790- established a national church with priests chosen by voters. Also forced Catholic clergy to take an oath of loyalty to the government, which only half took. The constitution was condemned by the pope and angered many rural peasants.
“refactory clergy’- Clergymen who refused to take the oath of loyalty to the state.
83 Departments- The equaly divided provinces of France based on population to help effectivly represent the people
assignats- Currency issued by the National Assembly during the French Revolution. Backed by land, the paper money was used as legal currency, until Napoleon switches the national currency to the franc.
Flight to Varennes- Louis XVI’s attempt to flee France and take refuge in the Austrian Netherlands. He was turned back to Paris at Varennes.
Edmund Burke- Wrote "Reflections on the Revolution in France" he also stated that the revolution in France would lead to chaos and tyranny which eventually came true.
Thomas Paine, Rights of Man- this was a response to Edmund Burke's Reflection on the Revolution in France (1790). It argued that the interests of the monarch and the people were united and that the revolution should focus on changing the despotic principles of the monarchy instead of attacking the king himself.
Legislative Assembly-the new representative body formed in October 1791. Made up of mostly well educated middle class men, part of the jacobian club. They were "really feeling the revolutionary vibe" they disliked Louis and the nobility. They responded to the declaration of pillnitz by threatening to declare war back on Prussia and austria
Jacobins- A political club in revolutionary france whose members were well educated radical republicans and debated political questions.
Girondins- a political group of unorganized individuals involved in the National Convention. They supported the end of the monarchy, but were opposed by the Mountain, and were eventually mass executed by the Mountain, eventually leading to the Reign of Terror.
Declaration of Pillnitz- "Dont make me come in there" is basically what Austria and Prussia said to France, they feared that the people of their country would do the same and the revolution would spread to their country.
Émigrés- French refugees who were former members of the nobility, Catholic royalist sympathizers, or anti-republicans expelled by the Decree of 17 December 1791.
War of the First Coalition- the war that was between the French and the First Coalition, a result of the declaration of Pillnitz. It was fought initially between France, and the armies of Austria and Prussia. Eventually the French also declared war on Britain, Holland, and Spain in February of 1793. The countries
Brunswick Manifesto- Issued by Charles William Ferdinand (leader of Austrian+Prussian army) declaring that if the french royal family was harmed, the french civilians would be too. This was meant to intimidate the Parisian rebels, but it only fueled their anger.
storming of the Tuleries- On August 10, 1792, revolutionaries attacked the royal palace at the Tuleries looking for the royal family. The family sought refuge with the Legislative Assembly, who imprisoned them.
Paris Commune - Vaguely radical leaders that wanted to govern paris without interference from the conservative French countryside. The National Assembly would hear none of this.
Georges-Jacques Danton- Robespierre's "right hand man" in the Mountain, he was later beheaded by the order from Robespierre.
September Massacres - Followed louis imprisonment. When a crowd invaded prisons of Paris and killing half the men and women after hearing stories that imprisoned counter revolutionary aristocrats and priests were plotting with allied invaders to seize the city
“Age of Rousseau”results in the formation of the Directory.
National Convention- consisted of the constitutional and legislative assembly, holding executive power, and proclaimed France a republic in 1792. However it was split between the Girondists and the Mountain.
Equality, Liberty, Fraternity- Became the "catch phrase" of the French Revolution as a whole. French leaders used the saying to appeal to the nationalism and patriotism of the people of France. It helped rile up the sans-culottes which then helped drive the Revolution.
Mountain- led by Robespierre and Danton, they were a political group in dispute with the Girondists in the National Convention. The Mountain consisted of aggressive, action-oriented individuals, opposed to the thought-oriented Girondists. They supported defense of the lower classes and after executing the Girondists, they imposed a policy of terror.
Sans-Culottes- laboring poor of Paris, called this because they wore long pants instead of the pants that came to the knee; they were the militant radicals of the city, demanding action for bread prices
Enragés- Radicals active during the French Revolution that stood to the left of the Jacobins politically. They believed that liberty for all meant more that just constitutional rights.
Committee of Public Safety-Formed in April of 1793 at the convention. Was lead by Robespierre -to which , in the state of a national emergency, was given doctoral power.
Maximilien Robespiere- Robespiere was the leader of the Mountian in the Jacobian controled National Convention. He also lead "The Terror" which ironically came to a close with his own execution in the Thermidorian Reaction cause by his executing of his second in command Danton. Quote: "Terror is nothing more than prompt, severe inflexible justice."
Law of Maximum- price fixing regulations on grain and bread.
Reign of Terror- The reign under Robespierre where there was a planned economy to wage total war and aid the poor. Fixed pricing was introduced as well as rationing. Workshops were nationalized to produce goods for the war effort(emergency socialism). 40,000 people were executed and 300,000 were arrested for speaking against this new government, and people were forced to agree with it.
Law of Suspect- Allowed the arrest of all enemies of the Revolution, passed by the National Convention in 1793
Vendée- A county of Brittany where the insurrection agenst the French government started. The main supporters of the revolt were Cotholics, Royalists, and foreign agents.
Cult of the Supreme Being- the state religion promoted by Robespierre; a form of deism and part of attempts to standardize France, along with the new calendar and system of measurement
“Temple of Reason” Temple for a new belief system that was to replace Christianity, the Cult of Reason. Their ideals were based on atheism and centered around the individual.
Thermidorian Reaction- The Thermidorian Reaction was a reaction to violence during the reign of terror in 1794, this ultimately would lead to the execution of Robespierre by his own men, and the lessening of economic controls in France. This also lead to a more moderate political atmosphere.
The Directory: the five man group of weak dictators elected by the commitee to rule in the time of national emergency they governed for around 2 years as dictators untill Napoleon was placed in power
Consulate Era
the government of France by the three consuls from 1799 to 1804
plebiscite- A nationwide vote on a law, issue, or to legitimize a leader.
Napoleon Bonaparte- the strong dictator put in place by the people who favored a strong dictator over a republic. He was chosen because he was popular, young, and energetic. He was also chosen because he won many victories as a general and covered up his loses.
Consulate Period-The period at the beginning of Napoleon's rule, when he was known as the first consul of the republic. This ended in 1805, when the battle of Trafalgar took place and Napoleon claimed himself emperor.
First Consul- the title Napoleon was given when he was first put into power of the Republic of France in 1799
Napoleonic Code- French civil code promulgated in 1804 that reasserted the 1789 principles of the equality of male citizens before the law and the absolute security of wealth as well as private property and restricting rights accorded to women by previous revolutionary laws.
Careers Open to Talent-
This allows for competition and in turn raises inflation.
Concordat of 1801- A deal between Napoleon and the Pope, saying that Catholicism could be practiced freely in France, but the state determined the bishops, clerical pay, and had a great influence over the church.
Bank of France- The privately owned bank of France was establish by Napoleon and the leading bankers of Paris in 1800. This was in response to the financial crisis before the French Revolution in which France was left helpless without it's own national bank.
War of the Second Coalition- the second attempt by the European monarchs to destroy or contain the French. The forces were led by Austria and Austria and Russia even raised fresh armies to combat the French threat.
Treaty of Lunéville- Treaty in which France gained most of Austria's Italian possessions and some German territory; agreed to after a military victory by Napoleon
Empire Period-
Grand Empire: The empire over which Napoleon and his allied ruled, encompassing virtually all of Europe except Great Britain and Russia
War of the Third Coalition- the war fought against Napoleon's forces by Austria, Russia, Sweden, Prussia and Britian to hault his plans for expansion. Napoleon crushed the third coalition, and gained a significant amount of land from his victories. He also used his control over continental Europe to help impliment his blockade against Britain.
Battle of Trafalgar- The battle on October 21, 1805, in which lord nelson of Britain destroyed Napoleon's Mediterranean fleet. It proved that an invasion of Britain would not be possible. It also renewed fighting, which Napoleon used as justification for proclaiming himself emperor.
Lord Horatio Nelson-
Arc de Triomphe-
Treaty of Tilsit- Napoleon winning against 3rd Coalition, so he gets Prussia/Austria and allies with Russia against Britain, Prussia lost about half of its population, and Russian accepted the reorganization of Europe by Napoleon
Continental System- A Blockade imposed by Napoleon to halt all trade between continental Europe and Britain, there by weakening the British economy and military.
Russian Campaign- Napoleon invaded Russia in the summer of 1812. At first he was successful but his troops were trapped in the winter and Napoleon had to lead a disastrous retreat from Russia. He lead 600,000 men into Russia and after the retreat 370,000 men had died and 200,000 had been taking prisoner. This marked a turning point in Napoleon's rule in to a sharp decline.
4th Coalition-
“First” Treaty of Paris, 1814-
Congress of Vienna-
Balance of Power- The balance of power in Europe is a process in which one a nation becomes to powerful the weaker nations band together and bring the powerful nation back down to even with the other nations. This process repeats many times so that the balance of power stays close to an equilibrium.
Hundred Days- The time period between Napoleon's return from exile and the battle of Waterloo, in which he hastily attempted to restore his power in France.
Battle of Waterloo- Napoleons final stand against the Fourth Coalition, a terrible defeat for Napoleon, signaling the end of his governing of France.
Duke of Wellington-
Alexander I Wthe responsible for contributing to napolean's retreat in the invasion of Russia the year of 1812.